The main sources of regulatory laws in Singapore are found in primary legislation, such as the following:

• The Banking Act 1970
• The Financial Advisers Act 2001
• The Financial Services and Markets Act 2022
• The Insurance Act 1966
• The Payment Services Act 2019
• The Securities and Futures Act 2001

The various acts provide the MAS with authority to prescribe subsidiary legislation, make regulations, and issue directions. The subsidiary legislation, regulations, and directions set out in greater detail the requirements that financial institutions have to comply with, as well as the criteria that the regulated entities must meet when applying for the necessary licenses. Compliance is mandatory, and contravention of subsidiary legislation, regulations or directions is a criminal offense.

The MAS also issues guidelines that set out the best practices that govern the following, among others:

• The conduct of financial institutions on various issues, including on risk management
• AML/CFT practices to adhere to the MAS’ supervisory regime

While the guidelines are not legally binding, the degree of observance with the guidelines may impact the MAS’ overall risk assessment of a financial institution. Codes are also sometimes used to set out a system of rules governing the conduct of certain specific activities. Failure to abide by a code does not in itself amount to a criminal offense but may have other consequences, including sanctions like a private reprimand or public censure. The MAS also regularly issues practice notes and circulars to a specific or specific class of financial institutions in order to provide guidance or information.