[1] Health Quality and Safety Commission, Family Violence Death Review Committee Fourth Annual Report, 26 June 2014 (web page), <https://www.hqsc.govt.nz/our-programmes/mrc/fvdrc/publications-and-resources/publication/1600/>.
[2] Martin v. Ryan [1990] 2 NZFLR 209.
[3] The Harassment Act 1997.
[4] Ministry of Justice, the New Zealand government, "Apply for a Restraining Order" (web page) <https://www.justice.govt.nz/courts/civil/restraining-orders/apply-for-a-restraining-order/>.
[5] Section 39(1)(a)-(c) of the Harassment Act 1997.
[6] Section 25(1) of the Harassment Act 1997.
[7] Section 25(2) of the Harassment Act 1997.
[8] Section 25(3) of the Harassment Act 1997.
[9] Section 26 of the FVA.
[10] Section 79 of the FVA.
[11] Sections 60 and 62 of the FVA.
[12] Section 74 of the FVA.
[13] Sections 79 and 86 of the FVA.
[14] Section 87 of the FVA.
[15] Section 89 of the FVA.
[16] Section 90 of the FVA.
[17] Section 112 of the FVA.
[18] Section 3 of the FVA.
[19] The NZHRC, "New Zealand examined by the UN's CEDAW Committee" (web page) <https://www.hrc.co.nz/news/new-zealand-examined-uns-cedaw-committee/#:~:text=The%20Convention%20obligates%20signatory%20states,all%20civil%20and%20political%20rights&text=addresses%20cultural%20conceptions%20of%20women,and%20norms%20can%20perpetuate%20discrimination>.
[20] Ministry of Women, "Signed Interim CEDAW report" 22 July 2020 (Report) <https://women.govt.nz/sites/public_files/SIGNED%20Interim%20CEDAW%20report%2022%20July%202020.PDF>.
[21] Ministry of Women, "Signed Interim CEDAW report" 22 July 2020 (Report) <https://women.govt.nz/sites/public_files/SIGNED%20Interim%20CEDAW%20report%2022%20July%202020.PDF>.
[22] The CEDAW, "Concluding observations on the eighth periodic report of New Zealand" 12 July 2018 (Report) 16(b) <https://women.govt.nz/sites/public_files/CEDAW_C_NZL_CO_8_31061_E%20%283%29.pdf>.
[23] Ministry of Women, "Signed Interim CEDAW report" 22 July 2020 (Report) <https://women.govt.nz/sites/public_files/SIGNED%20Interim%20CEDAW%20report%2022%20July%202020.PDF>.
[24] Ministry of Women, "Signed Interim CEDAW report" 22 July 2020 (Report) <https://women.govt.nz/sites/public_files/SIGNED%20Interim%20CEDAW%20report%2022%20July%202020.PDF>.
[25] Ministry of Women, "Signed Interim CEDAW report" 22 July 2020 (Report) <https://women.govt.nz/sites/public_files/SIGNED%20Interim%20CEDAW%20report%2022%20July%202020.PDF>.
[26] Section 9 of the FVA.
[27] Sections 10 and 11 of the FVA.
[28] Community Law Centres o Aotearoa, Harassment in the Community: Getting Protection Under the Harassment Act (web page) <https://communitylaw.org.nz/community-law-manual/chapter-28-harassment-and-bullying/harassment-in-the-community-getting-protection-under-the-harassment-act/>.
[29] Section 3 of the Harassment Act 1997.
[30] Section 4 of the Harassment Act 1997.
[31] Section 9 of the Harassment Act 1997.
[32] Section 8 of the Harassment Act 1997.
[33] Section 19 of the FVA.
[34] Section 4 of the VRA.
[35] Sections 9-11 of the FVA.
[36] Section 10 of the FVA.
[37] New Zealand Police, Protection Orders (web page) <https://www.police.govt.nz/advice-services/family-violence/protection-orders>.
[38] Sections 60-74 of the FVA.
[39] Sections 75-79 of the FVA.
[40] Sections 86-87 of the FVA.
[41] Sections 107-111 of the FVA.
[42] New Zealand Police, Protection Orders (web page) <https://www.police.govt.nz/advice-services/family-violence/protection-orders>.
[43] Ibid.
[44] Section 112 of the FVA.
[45] Section 28 of the FVA.
[46] New Zealand Police, Police Safety Orders (web page) <https://www.police.govt.nz/advice-services/family-violence/police-safety-orders>.
[47] Section 128 of the Crimes Act 1961.
[48] Section 128(4) of the Crimes Act 1961.
[49] Community Law Centres o Aotearoa, Rape, sexual assault and family (domestic) violence, (web page) <https://communitylaw.org.nz/community-law-manual/chapter-8-gender-and-sexuality/sexual-orientation-and-your-rights/rape-sexual-assault-and-family-domestic-violence>.
[50] Ibid.
[51] Section 8 of the FVA.
[52] Rule 4.29 of the High Court Rules 2016.
[53] Ministry of Justice (web page) <https://www.justice.govt.nz/family/family-violence/conditions-of-a-protection-order/>.
[54] Sections 59, 60, 62, 67, 69 and 74 of the FVA; Ministry of Justice, About Family Violence and Protection Orders <https://www.justice.govt.nz/assets/Documents/Publications/About-Family-Violence-and-Protection-Orders-Booklet.pdf>.
[55] Ministry of Justice, About Family Violence and Protection Orders <https://www.justice.govt.nz/assets/Documents/Publications/About-Family-Violence-and-Protection-Orders-Booklet.pdf>.
[56] Section 91 of the Oranga Tamariki Act 1989.
[57] Section 93 of the Oranga Tamariki Act 1989.
[58] Sextion 96 of the Oranga Tamariki Act 1989.
[59] Ministry of Justice, About Family Violence and Protection Orders <https://www.justice.govt.nz/assets/Documents/Publications/About-Family-Violence-and-Protection-Orders-Booklet.pdf>.
[60] New Zealand Police, Police Safety Orders (web page) <https://www.police.govt.nz/advice-services/family-violence/police-safety-orders>.
[61] Section 79 of the FVA.
[62] Ministry of Justice, About Family Violence and Protection Orders <https://www.justice.govt.nz/assets/Documents/Publications/About-Family-Violence-and-Protection-Orders-Booklet.pdf> and Ministry of Justice, Apply for a Protection Order (web page) <https://www.justice.govt.nz/family/family-violence/apply-for-a-protection-order/>.
[63] Ibid.
[64] Ministry of Justice, About Family Violence and Protection Orders <https://www.justice.govt.nz/assets/Documents/Publications/About-Family-Violence-and-Protection-Orders-Booklet.pdf>.
[65] Ministry of Justice, About Family Violence and Protection Orders <https://www.justice.govt.nz/assets/Documents/Publications/About-Family-Violence-and-Protection-Orders-Booklet.pdf> and Ministry of Justice, Apply for a Protection Order (web page) <https://www.justice.govt.nz/family/family-violence/apply-for-a-protection-order/>.
[66] New Zealand Family Violence Clearinghouse, Data Summaries 2017: Snapshot <https://nzfvc.org.nz/sites/nzfvc.org.nz/files/Data-summaries-snapshot-2017.pdf>.
[67] New Zealand Family Violence Clearinghouse, Family violence statistics (web page) <https://nzfvc.org.nz/family-violence-statistics>.
[68] New Zealand Family Violence Clearinghouse, Data Summaries (web page) <https://nzfvc.org.nz/our-work/data-summaries>.
[69] Ministry of Justice, About Family Violence and Protection Orders <https://www.justice.govt.nz/assets/Documents/Publications/About-Family-Violence-and-Protection-Orders-Booklet.pdf>.
[70] Ministry of Justice, Apply for a Protection Order (web page) <https://www.justice.govt.nz/family/family-violence/apply-for-a-protection-order/>.
[71] Section 112 of the FVA.
[72] Section 113 of the FVA.
[73] Ministry of Justice, Apply for a Protection Order (web page) <https://www.justice.govt.nz/family/family-violence/apply-for-a-protection-order/>.
[74] Section 107 of the FVA.
[75] Section 107 of the FVA.
[76] Ministry of Justice, About Family Violence and Protection Orders <https://www.justice.govt.nz/assets/Documents/Publications/About-Family-Violence-and-Protection-Orders-Booklet.pdf>.
[77] Ibid.
[78] Section 79 of the FVA.
[79] Ibid.
[80] Accident Compensation Corporation, Injuries we cover (web page) <https://www.acc.co.nz/im-injured/what-we-cover/injuries-we-cover/#injuries-caused-by-treatment>.
[81] Section 20 of the Accident Compensation Act 2001.
[82] Sections 20-21 of the Accident Compensation Act 2001.
[83] Section 32 of the Accident Compensation Act 2001.
[84] New Zealand Police, Family Violence Information Disclosure Scheme (FVIDS) (web page) <https://www.police.govt.nz/advice-services/family-violence/family-violence-information-disclosure-scheme-fvids>.
[85] New Zealand Police, Police Safety Orders (web page) <https://www.police.govt.nz/advice-services/family-violence/police-safety-orders>.
[86] New Zealand Police, Protection Orders (web page) <https://www.police.govt.nz/advice-services/family-violence/protection-orders#:~:text=Where%20there%20is%20evidence%20that,is%20three%20years%20in%20prison>.
[87] Sections 8(3A), 21(2A), 22 and 30AAA of the Bail Act 2000.
[88] Section 112(3) of the FVA.
[89] Section 211 of the FVA.
[90] Ministry of Justice, About Family Violence and Protection Orders <https://www.justice.govt.nz/assets/Documents/Publications/About-Family-Violence-and-Protection-Orders-Booklet.pdf>.
[91] Sections 192, 196 and 202C of the Crimes Act 1961.
[92] Section 194 of the Crimes Act 1961.
[93] Section 194A of the Crimes Act 1961.
[94] Section 189A of the Crimes Act 1961.
[95] Section 128B of the Crimes Act 1961.
[96] Section 62 of the Human Rights Act 1993.
[97] Sections 306, 307, 307A and 308 of the Crimes Act 1961.
[98] Sections 167 and 171 of the Crimes Act 1961.
[99] Ministry of Justice, About Family Violence and Protection Orders <https://www.justice.govt.nz/assets/Documents/Publications/About-Family-Violence-and-Protection-Orders-Booklet.pdf> and Ministry of Justice, Guide to applying for a Protection Order <https://www.justice.govt.nz/assets/Documents/Forms/Application-and-affidavit-for-Protection-Order.pdf>.
[100] Section 171 of the FVA.
[101] Ministry of Justice, Guide to applying for a Protection Order <https://www.justice.govt.nz/assets/Documents/Forms/Application-and-affidavit-for-Protection-Order.pdf>.
[102] Section 171 of the FVA.
[103] Section 171 of the FVA.
[104] Section 48 of the Crimes Act 1961.
[105] Section 79 of the FVA.
[106] New Zealand Law Society, The truth, the whole truth and nothing but the truth… (web page) <https://www.lawsociety.org.nz/news/lawtalk/issue-913/the-truth-the-whole-truth-and-nothing-but-the-truth/#:~:text=It%20is%20considered%20a%20serious,up%20to%20seven%20years'%20imprisonment.&text=It%20is%20very%20rare%2C%20however,R%20%5B2017%5D%20NZCA%20476>.
[107] Health Navigator New Zealand, Consent (web page) <https://www.healthnavigator.org.nz/health-a-z/c/consent/#:~:text=In%20Aotearoa%20New%20Zealand%2C%20you,absence%20of%20saying%20'no'.&text=Consent%20cannot%20be%20given%20if,drunk%20or%20high%20on%20drugs; https://www.courtsofnz.govt.nz/for-lawyers/question-trails/sex-offences/indecent-assault-where-consent-is-in-issue-section-135-crimes-act-1961/>.
[108] New Zealand Government, Going to court as a witness (web page) <https://www.govt.nz/browse/law-crime-and-justice/courts/going-to-court-as-a-witness/>.
[109] Section 77(1) of the Evidence Act 2006.
[110] Section 77(2) of the Evidence Act 2006.
[111] Section 169 of the FVA.
[112] Section 159 of the Criminal Procedure Act 2011.
[113] Community Law, Evidence and witness (web page) <https://communitylaw.org.nz/community-law-manual/not-rated/the-trial/evidence-and-witnesses/>.
[114] Section 161 of the Criminal Procedure Act 2011.
[115] Section 79(1A) of the Criminal Procedure Act 2011.
[116] Section 107(1) of the Evidence Act 2006.
[117] Sections 107A and 107B of the Evidence Act 2006.
[118] Section 169 of the FVA.
[119] Melissa Stiles, Witnessing Domestic Violence: The Effect on Children (2002) <https://www.aafp.org/afp/2002/1201/p2052.html>.
[120] Office on Women's Health, Effects of Domestic Violence on Children (2019) (web page) <https://www.womenshealth.gov/relationships-and-safety/domestic-violence/effects-domestic-violence-children>.
[121] Office on Women's Health, Effects of Domestic Violence on Children (2019) (web page) <https://www.womenshealth.gov/relationships-and-safety/domestic-violence/effects-domestic-violence-children>.
[122] Office on Women's Health, Effects of Domestic Violence on Children (2019) (web page) <https://www.womenshealth.gov/relationships-and-safety/domestic-violence/effects-domestic-violence-children>.
[123] G Goodman et al, "Testifying in Criminal Court: Emotional Effects on Child Sexual Assault Victims" (1992) 75(5) Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development.
[124] Julie A Lipovsky, "The Impact of Court on Children: Research Findings and Practical Recommendations" (1994) (June) Journal of Interpersonal Violence.
[125] Community Law, How criminal sentencing works — Overview (web page) <https://communitylaw.org.nz/community-law-manual/chapter-34-common-crimes/how-criminal-sentencing-works/>.
[126] Community Law, How criminal sentencing works — Overview (web page) <https://communitylaw.org.nz/community-law-manual/chapter-34-common-crimes/how-criminal-sentencing-works/>.
[127] Section 8 of the Sentencing Act 2002.
[128] Community Law, Protections against family violence: An overview — The criminal law and family violence (web page) <https://communitylaw.org.nz/community-law-manual/chapter-15-family-violence-and-elder-abuse/protections-against-family-violence/the-criminal-law-and-family-violence/#:~:text=It's%20a%20crime%20to%20use,of%20up%20to%20five%20years>.
[129] Section 189A of the Crimes Act 1961.
[130] Sections 59(k) and 112 of the FVA.
[131] Sections 59(k) and 112 of the FVA.
[132] New Zealand Police, Victim Notification Register Victim Request Form (web page) <https://www.police.govt.nz/about-us/publication/victim-notification-register-victim-request-form>.
[133] New Zealand Law Commission, Battered defendants victims of domestic violence who offend (web page) <http://kirra.austlii.edu.au/nz/other/nzlc/pp/PP41/PP41-2_.html>.
[134] In certain jurisdictions, employers are prohibited from firing or retaliating against victims of domestic violence, e.g., if the abuser is stalking the victim at work, the victim is missing workdays due to her situation, an abuser shows up at work, etc. This includes any special category of worker, e.g., foreign domestic helpers who reside with their employers at their home.
[135] Section 69 of the FVA.
[136] Section 74 of the FVA.
[137] In certain jurisdictions, employees can only receive severance if they terminate/depart from their employment for good cause.
[138] Section 72H of the Domestic Violence — Victims' Protection Act 2018.
[139] Part 6AB of the Domestic Violence — Victims' Protection Act 2018.
[140] Section 62A of the Domestic Violence — Victims' Protection Act 2018.
[141] Section 9 of the FVA.
[142] Section 9(3) of the FVA.
[143] Sections 62A(5), 698ABB(2), 72C and 108A(2) of the FVA.
[144] See the Holidays Act 2003 (e.g., Section 24(2)).
[145] Section 72A of the Domestic Violence — Victims' Protection Act 2018.
[146] Section 72B of the Domestic Violence — Victims' Protection Act 2018.
[147] New Zealand Immigration, Information about Victims of Family Violence Resident Visa (web page) <https://www.immigration.govt.nz/new-zealand-visas/apply-for-a-visa/about-visa/victims-family-violence-resident-visa>.
[148] New Zealand Immigration, Information about Victims of Family Violence Work Visa (web page) <https://www.immigration.govt.nz/new-zealand-visas/apply-for-a-visa/about-visa/victims-family-violence-work-visa>.
[149] New Zealand Immigration, Information about Victims of Family Violence Resident Visa (web page) <https://www.immigration.govt.nz/new-zealand-visas/apply-for-a-visa/about-visa/victims-family-violence-resident-visa>.
[150] Section 8 of the Care of Children Act 2004.
[151] Section 10 of the Care of Children Act 2004.
[152] Section 9(2) of the FVA; Section 5(a) of the Care of Children Act 2004.
[153] Section 9(3) of the FVA.
[154] Section 4 of the Care of Children Act 2004.
[155] Section 6(2) of the Care of Children Act 2004.
[156] Section 50 of the Care of Children Act 2004.
[157] Section 48 of the Care of Children Act 2004.
[158] Section 5A(2)(a) of the Care of Children Act 2004.
[159] Section 5A(2)(b) of the Care of Children Act 2004.
[160] Section 5A(2)(c) of the Care of Children Act 2004.
[161] Section 5A(3)(a) of the Care of Children Act 2004.
[162] Section 5A(3)(b) of the Care of Children Act 2004.
[163] Section 51 of the Care of Children Act 2004.
[164] Section 51(2) of the Care of Children Act 2004.
[165] Section 57A of the Care of Children Act 2004.
[166] Section 57A of the Care of Children Act 2004.
[167] Section 6(2) of the Care of Children Act 2004.
[168] Section 47A of the Care of Children Act 2004.
[169] Section 416F(4) of the Family Court Rules 2002.
[170] Section 416K(1) of the Family Court Rules 2002.
[171] Section 416K(2)(b) of the Family Court Rules 2002.
[172] Section 416S(2) and (3) of the Family Court Rules 2002.
[173] Section 131A and 132 of the Care of Children Act 2004.
[174] Section 133 of the Care of Children Act 2004.
[175] Section 47 of the Family Proceedings Act 1980.
[176] Section 46(4) of the Family Proceedings Act 1980.
[177] Ministry of Housing and Urban Development, Reform of the Residential Tenancies Act 1986 (web page) <https://www.hud.govt.nz/residential-housing/tenancy-and-rentals/changes-to-the-residential-tenancies-act-1986/rta-reforms/>.
[178] Ministry of Justice, About Family Violence and Protection Orders (web page) <https://www.justice.govt.nz/assets/Documents/Publications/About-Family-Violence-and-Protection-Orders-Booklet.pdf>.
[179] NZ Herald, Domestic abuse victims call for end to 'no-fault' divorce settlements (web page) <https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/domestic-abuse-victims-call-for-end-to-no-fault-divorce-settlements/CIHHLYIEWCU5YMK7D5A76O37MU/>.
[180] Ibid.