Fighting Domestic Violence

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7. Endnotes

[1]    Anne Kingston, "We Are the Dead", MacLean's (17 September 2019).

[2]    Dubravka Šimonović as quoted in Ibid.

[3]    Ibid.

[4]    M. Burczycka, and S. Conroy, S. (2018). "Family violence in Canada: A statistical profile, 2016." Juristat, Canadian Centre for Justice Statistics, Statistics Canada, Catalogue No. 85-002-X. https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/health-promotion/stop-family-violence/problem-canada.html.

[5]    Canadian Centre for Justice Statistics (2016). "Family violence in Canada: A statistical profile, 2014." Juristat, Statistics Canada Catalogue No. 85-002-X. 4. J. Boyce, (2016).

[6]    Baobid, 2002; MacLeod and Shin, 1993.

[7]    Brennan, 2011a; Halinka, Malcoe and Duran, 2003; Sinha, 2013; Tjaden and Thoennes, 2000.

[8]    Brennan, 2011b.

[9]    Anne Kingston, "We Are the Dead", MacLean's (17 September 2019).

[10]    Most of the information in this Criminal Law section was taken from Jennifer Koshan, Janet Eaton Mosher and Wanda Anne Wiegers "The Costs of Justice in Domestic Violence Cases: Mapping Canadian Law and Policy" (11 May 2020) at 6-7.

[11]    Criminal Code, RSC 1985, c C-46 at Sections 501(3)(d), (e), 515(3)(a), 516(2) (interim release); Section 732.1(3)(a.1) (probation); Section 742.3(2)(a.3) (conditional sentence orders); Section 810(3.2) (peace bonds).

[12]    Ibid at Section 109(1)(a.1); see also Section 110(2.1).

[13]    Government of Canada, Department of Justice, Final Report of the Ad Hoc Federal-Provincial-Territorial Working Group Reviewing Spousal Abuse Policies and Legislation (2003) at 100-101.

[14]    Constitution Act, 1867, 30 and 31 Victoria c 3 (UK) at Section 91(26).

[15]    Civil Marriage Act, 2005 SC c 33.

[16]    Divorce Act, RSC 1985 c 3 (2nd Supp).

[17]    Divorce Act, RSC 1985 c 3 (2nd Supp) at Section 16(3). Section 16(4) then lists the factors that a court should consider with respect to the impact of any family violence.

[18]    Most of the information contained in this Indians/Indian Reserves section was taken from Jennifer Koshan, Janet Eaton Mosher and Wanda Anne Wiegers, "The Costs of Justice in Domestic Violence Cases: Mapping Canadian Law and Policy" (11 May 2020) at 8-9.

[19]    FHRMIRA, S.C. 2013, c.20.

[20]    Constitution Act, 1867, 30 & 31 Victoria c 3 (UK) at Section 92(12).

[21]    Ibid s. 92(13).

[22]    Ibid.

[23]    Jennifer Koshan, Janet Eaton Mosher and Wanda Anne Wiegers, "The Costs of Justice in Domestic Violence Cases: Mapping Canadian Law and Policy" (11 May 2020) at 12.

[24]    Ibid at 20.

[25]    Government of Canada, Department of Justice, The Judicial Structure (last modified 16 October 2017).

[26]    Ibid.

[27]    Ibid.

[28]    Ibid.

[29]    Government of British Columbia, Ministry of Public Safety and Solicitor General For Your Protection: Peace Bonds and Restraining Orders (August 2003).

[30]    Ibid.

[31]    See Feminist Alliance for International Action Canada, CEDAW and Ontario Human Rights Commission, Re: Implementing recommendations of the UN Committee on the Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination Against Women (3 February 2017).

[32]    Canadian Feminist Alliance for International Action, Report to the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women on the Occasion of the Committee's Eight and Ninth Periodic Review of Canada, October 2016.

[33]    Views adopted by the Committee at its fifty-first session, 13 February to 2 March 2012, CEDAW 53rd session, Annex, Communication No. 19/2008, UN doc CEDAW/C/51/D/19/2008.

[34]    United Nations, Office of the High Commissioner, "Women's rights body rules on Kell v. Canada complaint" (16 July 2016).

[35]    Criminal Code, RSC 1985, c C-46.

[36]    Ibid at Sections 265-268.

[37]    Ibid at Sections 271-273.

[38]    The Criminal Code, RSC 1985, c C-46 recognizes this sentencing principle in Section 718.2(a)(ii): "a sentence should be increased or reduced to account for any relevant aggravating or mitigating circumstances relating to the offence or the offender, and, without limiting the generality of the foregoing, […] (ii) evidence that the offender, in committing the offence, abused the offender's intimate partner or a member of the victim or the offender's family, […]."

[39]    Civil Code of Quebec, CQLR c CCQ-1991 at Article 1457.

[40]    Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms, CQLR c C-12 at Section 10.

[41]    Ibid at Section 2.

[42]    Domestic Violence Protection Act, 2000, SO 2000, c 33.

[43]    Divorce Act, RSC 1985 c 3 (2nd Supp) at Section 2.

[44]    For more information see Government of Canada, Department of Justice, "Peace Bonds Fact Sheet" Victims' Rights in Canada (2015).

[45]    Use of the term "restraining order" or "protection order" vary by jurisdictions. See Province of British Columbia, Protection Order Registry, Information on Protective Orders.

[46]    For the contact information of each province's legal aid program see Department of Justice, Legal Aid Program.

[47]    Code of Civil Procedure, CQLR c C-25.01.

[48]    Department of Justice, "Peace Bond Fact Sheet" (1 August 2017) Victims' Rights in Canada.

[49]    Ibid.

[50]    Province of Ontario, Ministry of the Attorney General, Restraining Order, A Self-Help Guide: How to make an application for a restraining order (2009).

[51]    Divorce Act R.S.C., 1985, c. 3 (2nd Supp.).

[52]    Government of Ontario, Ministry of the Attorney General, Motions: A Guide to Procedures in Family Court (2012; last revised 2019).

[53]    Department of Justice, "No Contact Orders" (4 August 2017) Victims' Rights in Canada.

[54]    Province of Ontario, Ministry of the Attorney General, Child Protection (last modified 26 June 2019); Province of British Columbia, Public Safety, Child Protection Services in BC.

[55]    Province of Ontario, Ministry of the Attorney General, Restraining Order, A Self-Help Guide: How to make an application for a restraining order (2009); Province of British Columbia, Protection Order Registry, Information on Protective Orders.

[56]    Province of British Columbia, Protection Order Registry, Information on Protective Orders.

[57]    Department of Justice, "Peace Bond Fact Sheet" (1 August 2017) Victims' Rights in Canada.

[58]    Ibid.

[59]    If applying in the Supreme Court, the following documents are required: Notice of Family Claim (Form F3), unless one has already been filed; Notice of Application (Form F31); Affidavit (Form F30); Protection Order (Form F54); Requisition for Consent Order or for Order without Notice (Form F29). If applying in the provincial court, the following documentation is required: Application to Obtain an Order (PCF3 Form 1); Notice of Motion (PCFR Form 16); Affidavit (PCFR Form 17). See Government of British Columbia, Ministry of Public Safety and Solicitor General, For Your Protection: Peace Bonds and Family Law Protection Orders (2017).

[60]    Province of Alberta, Law and Justice, Restraining and Protection Order (2020).

[61]    Government of Alberta, Resolution Services: Applying for a Queen's Bench Protective Order (court procedure booklet) (Revised October 2015), Get a Restraining Order.

[62]    Envision Counselling & Support Centre Inc., Victims of Domestic Violence Act, FAQs (2016).

[63]    Province of Manitoba, Domestic Violence and Stalking: Court Orders of Protection.

[64]    Province of Manitoba, Protection Orders.

[65]    Province of Ontario, Ministry of the Attorney General, Restraining Order, A Self-Help Guide: How to make an application for a restraining order (2009).

[66]    Government of Quebec, Applying for a Protection Order in a Civil Matter (2017).

[67]    Public Legal Education and Information Service of New Brunswick, "Abuse and violence" Emergency Intervention Orders.

[68]    Family Law Nova Scotia, "Emergency Protection Orders" Family Violence (Last updated May 2020).

[69]    Prince Edward Island Community Legal Information, Court Orders for Your Protection.

[70]    Family Violence Protection Act, SNL 2005, c F-3.1.

[71]    Provincial Court of Newfoundland and Labrador, Make an Application.

[72]    Government of Northwest Territories, Protection Orders.

[73]    YWCA Canada, Nunavut Legal Information Manual for Violence Support Services (2014).

[74]    Government of Yukon, "Get an order to keep someone away from you" Supports for Victims of Crime.

[75]    Government of Canada, Department of Justice, "Peace Bonds Fact Sheet" Victims' Rights in Canada (2015).

[76]    Government of Alberta, Applying for a Queen's Bench Protection Order (Revised October 2015).

[77]    YWCA Canada, Nunavut Legal Information Manual for Violence Support Services (2014).

[78]    Province of Ontario, Ministry of the Attorney General, Restraining Order, A Self-Help Guide: How to make an application for a restraining order (2009).

[79]    Government of British Columbia, Ministry of Public Safety and Solicitor General, For Your Protection: Peace Bonds and Family Law Protection Orders (2017).

[80]    Provincial Court of Newfoundland and Labrador, EPO Forms.

[81]    Family Law Nova Scotia, "Urgent/Emergency applications and orders" Family Violence (Last updated May 2020).

[82]    Government of Manitoba, Protection Orders (April 2009).

[83]    Government of Alberta, Applying for a Queen's Bench Protection Order.

[84]    Government of Manitoba, Victim Services: The Domestic Violence and Stalking Act.

[85]    Ibid.

[86]    Government of Quebec, Applying for a Protection Order in a Civil Matter.

[87]    Government of Nunavut, Department of Justice, Family Abuse Intervention Act (FAIA).

[88]    Government of Canada, Department of Justice, "Peace Bonds Fact Sheet" Victims' Rights in Canada (2015).

[89]    Government of British Columbia, Information on Protection Orders.

[90]    Calgary Legal Guidance, Restraining or Protection Orders.

[91]    Government of Manitoba, Protection Orders (April 2009).

[92]    Government of Quebec, Applying for a Protection Order in a Civil Matter.

[93]    Public Legal Education and Information Service of New Brunswick, Peace Bonds & Protective Orders (Revised March 2020).

[94]    Public Legal Information Association of NL, What is an Emergency Protection Order (EPO).

[95]    Government of Northwest Territories, Family Law in the NWT (March 2017).

[96]    Envision Counselling & Support Centre Inc., "Frequently Asked Questions", Victims of Domestic Violence Act Emergency Intervention Orders.

[97]    Ontario Women's Justice Network (OWJN), Protection Orders- Part 1 (August 2016).

[98]    Public Legal Education and Information Service of New Brunswick, Peace Bonds & Protective Orders (Revised March 2020).

[99]    Public Legal Education and Information Service of New Brunswick, Emergency Intervention Orders (Reprinted February 2019).

[100]    Prince Edward Island Community Legal Information, "Court Orders for Your Protection".

[101]    Ibid.

[102]    Government of Yukon, "Get an order to keep someone away from you" Supports for Victims of Crime.

[103]    Department of Justice, "Peace Bond Fact Sheet" (1 August 2017) Victims' Rights in Canada.

[104]    Ibid.

[105]    Koshan, Jennifer et al. (2020), Materials from an Untitled Manuscript on the Laws of Domestic Violence in Canada. Manuscript submitted for publication, Section 7.1 Claim for Damages.

[106]    Department of Justice, "Peace Bond Fact Sheet" (1 August 2017) Victims' Rights in Canada.

[107]    Government of British Columbia, Crime Victim Assistance Program.

[108]    Government of Manitoba, Compensation for Victims of Crime Program.

[109]    Ibid.

[110]    Community Advocacy & Legal Centre, Victims of crime —- How CALC can help.

[111]    Civil Code of Quebec, CQLR c CCQ-1991.

[112]    Government of Canada, Guide to the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms (Last revised June 2020).

[113]    Government of New Brunswick, Public Safety, Victims of Crime — Compensation.

[114]    Ibid.

[115]    Department of Justice, "Restitution Orders" Victims' Rights in Canada (Last revised September 2018).

[116]    Ontario Provincial Police.

[117]    The Sûreté du Québec.

[118]    Royal Newfoundland Constabulary.

[119]    RCMP.

[120]    See for example: Government of Canada, Department of Justice, A handbook for police and Crown prosecutors on criminal harassment (2012); Final Report of the Ad Hoc Federal-Provincial-Territorial Working Group Reviewing Spousal Abuse Policies and Legislation (2003).

[121]    See for example: Government of Canada, Department of Justice, Inventory of Spousal Violence Risk Assessment Tools Used in Canada (2012); Federal-Provincial-Territorial (FPT) Ad Hoc Working Group on Family Violence, Making the Links in Family Violence Cases: Collaboration among the Family, Child Protection and Criminal Justice Systems (2013). For other Department of Justice publications on Family Violence see Government of Canada, Department of Justice, Family Violence (Last revised March 2019).

[122]    See examples: Province of Ontario, Ministry of the Solicitor General, Policing Standards Manual (2000): Domestic Violence Occurrences (February 2000); Province of British Columbia, Ministry of Public Safety and Solicitor General, Violence Against Women in Relationships (VAWIR) Policy (2010) [https://perma.cc/5HYX-CXGL]; Amanda V. McCormick, Irwin M. Cohen, and Raymond R. Corrado, University of the Fraser Valley Centre for Public safety & Criminal Justice Research, Enhancing Surrey RCMP Detachment's Domestic Violence Unit; Province of Alberta: A Domestic Violence Handbook for Police Services and Crown Prosecutors in Alberta, (2014) [https://perma.cc/5LUR-4VAA]; Province of Alberta, Alberta Justice and Solicitor General, Domestic Violence Police Guidelines (2013) [https://perma.cc/GCE5-A3AJ].

[123]    Amanda V. McCormick, Irwin M. Cohen, and Raymond R. Corrado, University of the Fraser Valley Centre for Public Safety & Criminal Justice Research, Enhancing Surrey RCMP Detachment's Domestic Violence Unit at page 14.

[124]    See for example RCMP, Intimate partner violence and abuse; RCMP, Victims services.

[125]    In situations where there is evidence indicating that a domestic violence related offense occurred, police officers are generally encouraged to recommend criminal charges even if there are no apparent injuries to the victim and regardless of the victim's desire or willingness to lay charges and/or testify in a criminal prosecution. See for example Province of British Columbia, Ministry of Public Safety and Solicitor General, Violence Against Women in Relationships (VAWIR) Policy (December 2010) [https://perma.cc/5HYX-CXGL].

[126]    Ibid at page 34.

[127]    In the province of Quebec, members of the Chambre des notaires may act as legal advisers, but cannot represent victims in court.

[128]    A general national resource can be found at https://www.domesticshelters.org/. For provincial resources, see Quebec: Province of Quebec, Domestic Violence, Sante Montreal, Spousal Violence (Last updated May 2015); Ontario: Province of Ontario, Get help if you are experiencing violence (last updated June 2020), Violence in the Family (last updated July 2019); Manitoba: Province of Manitoba, Domestic Violence Support Service (DVSS); Saskatchewan: Province of Saskatchewan, Interpersonal violence and abuse programs, Domestic violence court; Alberta: Province of Alberta, Family violence prevention; British Columbia: Province of British Columbia, Gender-based violence, sexual assault, and domestic violence, BC Emergency Health Services, Domestic Violence; New Brunswick: Province of New-Brunswick, Intimate partner violence; Nova Scotia: https://novascotia.ca/just/victim_Services/family_violence.as, Nova Scotia Advisory Council on the Status of Women, Nova Scotia Domestic Violence Resource Centre, The Courts of Nova Scotia, Domestic Violence Court Program; PEI: Government of Prince Edward Island, Supports for family violence (May 2020), Victims of Family Violence Act, RSPEI 1988, c V-3.2; Newfoundland and Labrador: Supreme Court of Newfoundland & Labrador, Family Violence; Yukon: Government of Yukon, Find out about Victim Services; Northwest Territories: Government of the Northwest Territories, Health and Social Services, Family Violence (November 2019); Nunavut: Government of Nunavut, Family Violence.

[129]    Canada Evidence Act (R.S.C., 1985, c. C-5) at Section 28(9); see also Criminal Code (R.S.C., 1985, c. C-46) at Section 4(7).

[130]    The principles of proof beyond a reasonable doubt have been outlined by the Supreme Court of Canada in R v. Lifchus [1997] 3 S.C.R. 320, an important case that describes the process of defining this standard in jury instructions.

[131]    R. v. Stone [1999] 2 S.C.R. 290.

[132]    R. v. Finck [2003] O.J. No. 2692.

[133]    R. v. Hemmerly 1976 CarswellOnt 930; R. v. Pappajohn, [1980] 2 S.C.R. 120.

[134]    R. v. Ryan [2013] 1 S.C.R. 14.

[135]    R. v. Ruzic [2001] 1 S.C.R. 687.

[136]    R. v. Ryan [2013] 1 S.C.R. 14.

[137]    R. v. Ruzic [2001] 1 S.C.R. 687.

[138]    R. v. Latimer [2001] 1 S.C.R. 3; Perka v. R., [1984] 2 S.C.R. 232.

[139]    Perka v. R. [1984] 2 S.C.R. 232.

[140]    R. v. Pappas [2013] 3 S.C.R. 452.

[141]    R. v. Humaid [2006] O.J. No. 1507.

[142]    R. v. Sullivan 2020 ONCA 333; R. v. Tatton [2015] 2 S.C.R. 574; R. v. Daviault [1994] 3 S.C.R. 63.

[143]    R. v. McDowell [1980] O.J. No. 488; R. v. Chaulk 2007 NSCA 84.

[144]    R. v. Sullivan 2020 ONCA 333; R. v. Tatton [2015] 2 S.C.R. 574; R. v. Daviault [1994] 3 S.C.R. 63; R. v. Daley [2007] 3 S.C.R. 523.

[145]    Malanik v. R. (No. 3) [1952] 2 S.C.R. 335.

[146]    R. v. Daviault [1994] 3 S.C.R. 63.

[147]    R. v. Pappajohn [1980] 2 S.C.R. 120.

[148]    R. v. Sault Ste. Marie (City) [1978] 2 S.C.R. 1299.

[149]    Criminal Code (R.S.C., 1985, c. C-46) at Section 273.1.

[150]    R v. Ewanchuk [1999] 1 S.C.R. 330.

[151]    R v. A.(J.) [2011] 2 S.C.R. 440.

[152]    Criminal Code (R.S.C., 1985, c. C-46) at Section 273.1(2).

[153]    R. v. M. (M.L.) [1994] 2 S.C.R. 3.

[154]    Criminal Code (R.S.C., 1985, c. C-46) at Section 273.2.

[155]    See R v Jobiden [1991] 2 S.C.R. 714, which discusses fist fights as a socially nonacceptable activity and, therefore, the harm is not consented to.

[156]    Criminal Code (R.S.C., 1985, c. C-46) at Section 16(1).

[157]    Ibid at s. 16(2)-(3).

[158]    R. v. Chaulk [1990] 3 S.C.R. 1303; R. v. Dobson [2015] ONSC 2865.

[159]    CBC, "Not criminally responsible: 6 cases" (17 January 2014).

[160]    Zoran Miladinovic and Jennifer Lukassen, "Verdicts of not criminally responsible on account of mental disorder in adult criminal courts, 2005/2006-2011/2012" Statistics Canada (18 September 2014).

[161]    Canada Evidence Act (R.S.C., 1985, c. C-5) at Section 14(1).

[162]    Ibid at s. 16(3).

[163]    Criminal Code (R.S.C., 1985, c. C-46) at Section 545(1).

[164]    Canada Evidence Act (R.S.C., 1985, c. C-5) at Section 4(2).

[165]    Ibid at Section 4(3).

[166]    Criminal Code (R.S.C., 1985, c. C-46) at Section 715.1.

[167]    See R. v. F(CC) [1997] 3 S.C.R. 1183.

[168]    Joseph Di Luca Erin Dann Breese Davies, Department of Justice, Family, Children and Youth Section, Best practices where there is family violence (criminal law perspective) (2012).

[169]    Ibid.

[170]    Ibid. See for example Child and Family Services Act, R.S.O. 1990, c. C.11 at Section 40(10); See also Government of Canada, Public Health Agency of Canada, Provincial and territorial child protection legislation and policy 2018.

[171]    Criminal Code (R.S.C., 1985, c. C-46) at Sections 486.1(1) and 486.2(1).

[172]    Government of Canada, Department of Justice, Family Violence Laws.

[173]    Ibid.

[174]    Criminal Code (R.S.C., 1985, c. C-46) at Section 127.

[175]    Ibid at Section 145(3)-(5).

[176]    Ibid at Section 733.1.

[177]    Government of Canada, Correctional Services Canada, Information for victims (last modified May 2019).

[178]    Government of Ontario, Ministry of the Solicitor General, Victims Services, Victim Notification System; Police Services Act, 1990, RSO 1990, c P15; Community Coordination for Women's Safety, Crown Intimate Partner Violence Policy (IPV 1) (March 2019) at Section 7; Government of British Columbia, Victims Safety Unit Help Starts Here: Information on victim notification (revised July 2019); (PIPEDA), S.C. 2000, c-5 at Sections 7(2)(b) and 7(3)(e); La Re-Source, What are my rights?; Act respecting the Quebec Correctional System chapter S-40.1 at Article 175; An Act Respecting Assistance for Victims of Crime, chapter A-13.2, at Article 5; Government of Quebec, Plan d'action gouvernementale en matière de violence conjugale 2018-2023 (2018); Government of Quebec, Ministère de la sécurité publique, If you have been the victim of a crime, you have rights; Government of Alberta, Victims Services, Help for Victims of Crime; Government of Manitoba, Victim Services.

[179]    See, for example, Amanda V. McCormick, Irwin M. Cohen, and Raymond R. Corrado, University of the Fraser Valley Centre for Public Safety & Criminal Justice Research, Enhancing Surrey RCMP Detachment's Domestic Violence Unit.

[180]    CBC News Saskatoon, "Clare's Law coming into force in Sask. without RCMP participation" (22 June 2020).

[181]    Dan Brisebois, "Domestic violence victim advocates concerned as RCMP non-committal to upholding Clare's Law" Cold Lake Sun (3 July 2020); Sammy Hudes, "Domestic violence victim advocates concerned as RCMP non-committal to upholding Clare's Law" Calgary Herald (28 June 2020).

[182]    RCMP, Saskatchewan RCMP is committed to supporting victims and survivors of domestic violence Press Release (22 June 2020); CBC News Saskatoon, "Clare's Law coming into force in Sask. without RCMP participation" (22 June 2020); Dan Brisebois, "Domestic violence victim advocates concerned as RCMP non-committal to upholding Clare's Law" Cold Lake Sun (3 July 2020); Sammy Hudes, "Domestic violence victim advocates concerned as RCMP non-committal to upholding Clare's Law" Calgary Herald (28 June 2020); Stephanie Taylor, "Saskatchewan governments says RCMP declining to participate in anti-domestic violence measure" The Canadian Press (22 June 2020).

[183]    R. v. Lavallee [1990] 1 SCR 852.

[184]    IRPA (S.C. 2001, c. 27) and Immigration and Refugee Protection Regulations SOR/2002-227.

[185]    Government of Canada, Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada, Notice – Government of Canada Eliminates Conditional Permanent Residence (April 2017).

[186]    See "Does domestic violence law discuss asylum accessibility?" below.

[187]    Government of Canada, Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada, Humanitarian and compassionate consideration.

[188]    IRPA (S.C. 2001, c. 27).

[189]    Government of Canada, Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, Chairperson Guidelines 4: Women Refugee Claimants Fearing Gender-Related Persecution.

[190]    Canadian Council for Refugees v. Canada (Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship), [2020] F.C.J. No. 795.

[191]    Re X, 2019 CarswellNat 10854 at paragraph 16.

[192]    Government of Canada, Department of National Defence, DAOD 5044-4, Family Violence (31 January 1993).

[193]    National Defence Act, R.S.C., 1985, c. N-5.

[194]    R. v. Moriarity, [2015] 3 SCR 485, at paragraph 51.

[195]    R. v. Stillman, 2019 SCC 40.

[196]    R. v. Levi-Gould, 2016 CM 4002.

[197]    Government of Canada, Department of Justice, "Peace Bonds Fact Sheet" Victims' Rights in Canada (2015).

[198]    Most of the information in this family law section was taken from Jennifer Koshan, Janet Eaton Mosher and Wanda Anne Wiegers "The Costs of Justice in Domestic Violence Cases: Mapping Canadian Law and Policy" (11 May 2020) at 7-8 and 15-16.

[199]    Supra note 16 at Section 16 (3).

[200]    Ibid. at 8.

[201]    British Columbia: Family Law Act, SBC 2011, c 25 Part 4; Alberta: Family Law Act, SA 2003, c F-4.5 at s. 18; Manitoba: The Family Maintenance Act, CCSM c F20 at Section 39(3); Ontario: Children's Law Reform Act, RSO 1990, c C.12 at Sections. 24(4)–(5); Nova Scotia: Parenting and Support Act, RSNS 1989, c 160 at Sections. 2(da), 18(6)(j), (7)–(8); Newfoundland and Labrador: Children's Law Act, RSNL 1990, c C-13 at Section 31(3); Northwest Territories: Children's Law Act, SNWT 1997, c 14 at Section 17(3); Nunavut: Children's Law Act, SNWT 1997, c 14 at Section 17(3). In Saskatchewan, the provisions of Bill 205, An Act respecting Certain Family Law Matters concerning Children and making consequential amendments to other Acts, 4th Sess, 28th Leg, 2019 (assented to 16 March 2020), will, when in force, mirror the amendments to the Divorce Act in mandating consideration of family violence in assessing the best interests of children.

[202]    Alberta: Family Law Act, SA 2003, c F-4.5 at Section 21(2); The Children's Law Act, 1997, SS 1997, c C-8.2; Manitoba: The Family Maintenance Act, CCSM c F20 at Section 39(1); Ontario: Children's Law Reform Act, RSO 1990, c C.12 at Sections. 20(1), (4); Quebec: Civil Code of Quebec CQLR c CCQ-1991 at Article 606; New Brunswick: Family Services Act, SNB 1980, c F-2.2 at Section 129(1); PEI: Custody Jurisdiction and Enforcement Act, RSPEI 1988, c C-33 at Section 3; Nova Scotia: Parenting and Support Act, RSNS 1989, c 160 at Section 18(4); Newfoundland and Labrador: Children's Law Act, RSNL 1990, c C-13 at Section 26(1); Yukon: Children's Law Act, RSY 2002, c 31 at Section 31; Northwest Territories: Children's Law Act, SNWT 1997, c 14 at Section 18; Nunavut: Children's Law Act, SNWT 1997, c 14 at Section 18.

[203]    Divorce Act, RSC 1985 c 3 (2nd Supp), Section 16(10); and see Alberta's Family Law Act, SA 2003, c F-4.5 at Section 18(2)(b)(viii)(B); Saskatchewan: The Children's Law Act, 1997, SS 1997, c C-8.2 at Section 6(5); Manitoba: The Family Maintenance Act, CCSM c20 at Section 39(2.1)(d),(e); Nova Scotia: Parenting and Support Act, RSNS 1989, c 160 at Sections. 18 (6)(b), (8); Newfoundland and Labrador: Children's Law Act, RSNL 1990, c C-13 at Section 26(5); Yukon: Children's Law Act, RSY 2002, c 31 at Section 30(1)(g); Northwest Territories: Children's Law Act, SNWT 1997, c 14 at Section 17(2)(k); Nunavut: Children's Law Act, SNWT 1997, c 14 at Section 17(2)(k).

[204]    Family Law Act, SBC 2011, c 25 at Sections. 40, 62. For a discussion of the application of these sections, see Susan B Boyd and Ruben Lindy, "Violence Against Women and the B.C. Family Law Act: Early Jurisprudence" (2016) 35 an Fam LQ 101. Note that where court proceedings are undertaken in the Yukon, there is a rebuttable presumption that care should be awarded to one parent and that all other parental rights are shared jointly: Children's Law Act, RSY 2002, c 31 at Section 30(4).

[205]    Family Law Act, SBC 2011, c 25.

[206]    Province of Alberta Family Law Act, SA 2003 c F-4.5.

[207]    The Queen's Bench (Family Law Division) Amendment Act, SS 1994, c 27.

[208]    The Family Maintenance Act, C.C.S.M. c. F20.

[209]    Children's Law Reform Act, R.S.O. 1990, c.12.

[210]    Rules of practice of the Superior Court of Quebec in family matters, chapter C-25.01, r. 6.

[211]    An Act Respecting the Parenting and Support of Children and the Support of Spouses, 1990, c. 5 at Section 107.

[212]    Family Law Act, RSPEI 1988, c F-2.1.

[213]    Family Abuse Intervention Act, SNu 2006, c 18.

[214]    Children's Law Act, RSY 2002, c 31.

[215]    Government of Canada, Department of Justice, Strengthening and modernizing Canada's family justice system (Last revised June 2020).

[216]    Supra note 16 at Section 16 (4).

[217]    Government of Canada Department of Justice, The Divorce Act Changes Explained (March 2021).

[218]    Supra note 214.

[219]    Supra note 216.

[220]    See for example British Columbia: Family Law Act, SBC 2011, c 25 at Section 90; Alberta: Family Property Act, RSA 2000, c F‑4.7 at Sections. 19, 21, 22; Saskatchewan: The Family Property Act, SS 1997, c F-6.3 at Section 5; Manitoba: The Family Maintenance Act, CCSM c20 at Section 10(1)(b.2); Ontario: Family Law Act, RSO 1990, c F.3 at Section 24(3); New Brunswick: Marital Property Act, SNB 2012, c 107 at Section 23; Nova Scotia: Matrimonial Property Act, RSNS 1989, c 275 at Section 11(1)(a) (NS); PEI: Family Law Act, RSPEI 1988, c F-2.1 at Section 25; Newfoundland and Labrador: Family Law Act, RSNL 1990, c F-2 at Section 15; Yukon: Family Property and Support Act, RSY 2002, c 83 at Section 27; Northwest Territories: Family Law Act, SNWT 1997, c 18 at Section 55(3); Nunavut: Family Law Act, SNWT 1997, c 18 at Section 55(3); FHRMIRA, S.C. 2013, c.20 at Sections. 28-32.

[221]    FHRMIRA, S.C. 2013, c.20.

[222]    Ibid at Section 7 as referenced in Koshan, Jennifer et al. (2020), Materials from an Untitled Manuscript on the Laws of Domestic Violence in Canada. Manuscript submitted for publication.

[223]    First Nations Land Management Act, SC 1999, c 24.

[224]    Indian Act, RSC 1985, c I-5.

[225]    Residential Tenancy Act, SBC 2002 c 78 at Section 47.

[226]    Jonnette Hamilton, "Reforming Residential Tenancy Law for Victims of Domestic Violence" Annual Review of Interdisciplinary Justice Research vol. 8, 2019 at 262.

[227]    Residential Tenancies Act, 2006, SO 2006, c 17.

[228]    Ibid at Section 83.

[229]    Ibid.

[230]    Jonnette Hamilton, "Reforming Residential Tenancy Law for Victims of Domestic Violence" Annual Review of Interdisciplinary Justice Research vol. 8, 2019 at 262.

[231]    In Ontario, restraining orders are available under the Family Law Act, RSO 1990, c F3 and Children's Law Reform Act, RSO 1990, c 12. Breaches of these orders can have consequences under the Criminal Code (R.S.C., 1985, c. C-46) at Section 127

[232]    Emergency Protection Orders Regulations, SOR/2014-266 at Sections 1, 3 and 16.

[233]    FHRMIRA, S.C. 2013, c.20.

[234]    Ibid at Section 20 as cited in Koshan, Jennifer et al. (2020), Materials from an Untitled Manuscript on the Laws of Domestic Violence in Canada. Manuscript submitted for publication.

[235]    Applicable in British Columbia and Saskatchewan.

[236]    Applicable in Alberta and Manitoba.

[237]    See for example, Kapalka v. Kapalka [1994] NWTJ No 76.

[238]    Housing Services Act, 2011, SO 2011, c 6, Sch 1 (HSA), General, O Reg 367/11, s3(2)-(3) at Sections 26(3)(b), 32(4), 32(4.1), 46(9), 54 – 58.1, 60, 72, 81, 146 (10) – 146(11).

[239]    Housing Services Act, 2011, SO 2011, c 6 at Sections 54-55.

[240]    Housing Services Act, 2011, SO 2011, c 6, Sch 1 (HSA), General, O Reg 367/11, s3(2)-(3) at Section 26(1).

[241]    Portable Housing Benefit - Special Priority Policy (PHB-SPP) Program: Questions and Answers [perma.cc/M294-UNN3].

[242]    Koshan, Jennifer et al. (2020), Materials from an Untitled Manuscript on the Laws of Domestic Violence in Canada. Manuscript submitted for publication. Chapter 12.

[243]    British Columbia: Freedom of Information and Protection of Privacy Act, RSBC 1996, c 165 at Sections 19, 33.1(1)(m.1); Alberta: Freedom of Information and Protection of Privacy Act, RSA 2000, c F-25 at Sections 17, 18, 40; The Freedom of Information and Protection of Privacy Act, SS 1990-91, c F-22.01 at Sections 21, 29(2); Saskatchewan: The Local Authority Freedom of Information and Protection of Privacy Act, SS 1990-91, c L-27.1; Manitoba: The Freedom of Information and Protection of Privacy Act, CCSM c F175, Sections 17, 24, 25, 44(1); Ontario: Freedom of Information and Protection of Privacy Act, RSO 1990, c F.31 at Sections 14(1)(e), 20, 21(1)(b), 42(1)(h) and Municipal Freedom of Information and Protection of Privacy Act, RSO 1990, cM56; Quebec: An Act Respecting Access to Documents Held by Public Bodies and the Protection of Personal Information, CQLR c A-2.1 at Sections 28(4), 59, 59.1; New Brunswick: Right to Information and Protection of Privacy Act, SNB 2009, c R-10.6 at Sections 21, 28, 46; Nova Scotia: Freedom of Information and Protection of Privacy Act, SNS 1993, c 5 at Sections 18, 27; PEI: Freedom of Information and Protection of Privacy Act, RSPEI 1988, c F-15.01 at Sections 15(2), 16, 37; Newfoundland and Labrador: Access to Information and Protection of Privacy Act, 2015, SNL 2015, c A-1.2 at Sections 17, 37, 40, 68; Northwest Territories: Access to Information and Protection of Privacy Act, SNWT 1994, c 20 at Sections 20, 21, 23(4), 48; Yukon: Access to Information and Protection of Privacy Act, RSY 2002, c 1 at Sections 19, 22, 25, 36; Nunavut: Access to Information and Protection of Privacy Act, SNWT (Nu) 1994, c 20 at Sections 20, 21, 23(4), 48.

[244]    See British Columbia: Personal Information Protection Act, SBC 2003, c 63; Alberta: Personal Information Protection Act, SA 2003, c P-6.5; Quebec: An Act respecting the Protection of Personal Information in the Private Sector, CQLR c P-39.1.

[245]    PIPEDA, SC 2000, c 5.

[246]    Koshan, Jennifer et al. (2020), Materials from an Untitled Manuscript on the Laws of Domestic Violence in Canada. Manuscript submitted for publication.

[247]    Ibid at Ch. 12.

[248]    Ibid at Ch 12.4.

[249]    Personal Health Information Protection Act, 2004 SO 2004, c 3, Sch A.

[250]    See Police Services Act, 1990, RSO 1990, c P15 at ss. 41(1.1)-(1.2).

[251]    For example, to ensure that children in care have the right to reasonable privacy, to privacy during discussions with members of their families and to privacy during discussions with a lawyer and certain public officials, and disclosure cannot be compelled (subject to certain exceptions) for information obtained in a family conference, mediation or other alternative dispute resolution mechanism. The most common exception where disclosure may be compelled without consent is when disclosure is necessary to ensure the safety or well-being of a child or the safety of another person.

[252]    See Government of Canada, Department of Justice, Making the links in family violence cases: collaboration among the family, child protection and criminal justice systems at ch. 7.

[253]    For jurisdictions with information sharing protocols, see for example Government of British Columbia, Optional Notification Forms: Protocol for Highest Risk Domestic Violence Cases (2010); Government of New Brunswick, Woman
Victims of Abuse Protocols (2014); Government of Nova Scotia, High-Risk Case Coordination Protocol Framework: Spousal/Intimate Partner Violence (2004). For a discussion of promising coordination practices among systems, see Federal-Provincial-Territorial (FPT) Ad Hoc Working Group on Family Violence, Making the Links in Family Violence Cases: Collaboration among the Family, Child Protection and Criminal Justice Systems (2013).

[254]    Government of Canada, Department of Justice, Making the Links in Family Violence Cases: Collaboration among the Family, Child Protection and Criminal Justice Systems at Section 7.2.1.

[255]    Ibid at Section 7.2.2.

Sources

General

Chapter 1 — Legal provisions

Legislation

Government websites and reports

Federal:

Secondary sources

Chapter 2 — Framework guiding domestic violence law

Canadian resources

Chapter 3 — Similarities and differences in terminology

Legislation

Chapter 4 — Protection for domestic violence victims and relief granted

Legislation

Government websites and reports

Federal

Alberta

British Columbia

Manitoba

New Brunswick

NFLD

Nunavut

Northwest Territories

Ontario

Quebec

Yukon

Secondary sources

Chapter 5 — Prosecutorial considerations

Legislation

Federal

Ontario

PEI

Jurisprudence

  • Malanik v. R. (No. 3) [1952] 2 S.C.R. 335.
  • Perka v. R., [1984] 2 S.C.R. 232.
  • R v. A.(J.) [2011] 2 S.C.R. 440.
  • R. v. Chaulk 2007 NSCA 84.
  • R. v. Daley [2007] 3 S.C.R. 523.
  • R. c. Daviault [1994] 3 S.C.R. 63.
  • R. v. Dobson 2015 ONSC 2865.
  • R. v. Ewanchuk [1999] 1 S.C.R. 330.
  • R. v. F(CC) [1997] 3 S.C.R. 1183.
  • R. v. Finck [2003] O.J. No. 2692.
  • R. v. Hemmerly 1976 CarswellOnt 930.
  • R. v. Humaid [2006] O.J. No. 1507.
  • R v Jobiden [1991] 2 S.C.R. 714.
  • R. v. Latimer [2001] 1 S.C.R. 3.
  • R. v. Lifchus [1997] 3 S.C.R. 320.
  • R. v. M. (M.L.) [1994] 2 S.C.R. 3.
  • R. v. McDowell [1980] O.J. No. 488
  • R. v. Pappajohn, [1980] 2 S.C.R. 120.
  • R. v. Pappas [2013] 3 S.C.R. 452.
  • R. v. Ruzic [2001] 1 S.C.R. 687.
  • R. v. Ryan [2013] 1 S.C.R. 14.
  • R. v. Sault Ste. Marie (City) [1978] 2 S.C.R. 1299.
  • R. v. Stone [1999] 2 S.C.R. 290.
  • R. v. Sullivan 2020 ONCA 333.
  • R. v. Tatton [2015] 2 S.C.R. 574.

Government websites and reports

Federal

Alberta

British Columbia

Manitoba

New Brunswick

Ontario

PEI

Quebec

Saskatchewan

  • Province of Saskatchewan, Domestic violence court.
  • Province of Saskatchewan, Interpersonal violence and abuse programs.

Yukon

Secondary sources

Chapter 6 — Special issues

Legislation

Federal

Alberta

  • Family Law Act, SA 2003, c F-4.5.
  • Family Property Act, RSA 2000, c F-4.7.
  • Freedom of Information and Protection of Privacy Act, RSA 2000, c F-25.
  • PIPEDA, SC 2000, c 5.

British Columbia

  • Family Law Act, SBC 2011, c 25 Part 4
  • Freedom of Information and Protection of Privacy Act, RSBC 1996, c 165
  • Residential Tenancy Act, SBC 2002 c 78 at Section 47.

Manitoba

  • The Family Maintenance Act, CCSM c F20.
  • The Freedom of Information and Protection of Privacy Act, CCSM c F175.

New Brunswick

  • Family Services Act, SNB 1980, c F-2.2
  • Marital Property Act, SNB 2012, c 107
  • Right to Information and Protection of Privacy Act, SNB 2009, c R-10.6

NFLD

  • Access to Information and Protection of Privacy Act, 2015, SNL 2015, c A-1.2
  • Children's Law Act, RSNL 1990, c C-13.

Northwestern Territories

  • Access to Information and Protection of Privacy Act, SNWT 1994, c 20.
  • Children's Law Act, SNWT 1997, c 14.
  • Family Law Act, SNWT 1997, c 18.

Nova Scotia

Nunavut

Ontario

  • Children's Law Reform Act, RSO 1990, c C.12 at Sections 24(4)–(5).
  • Freedom of Information and Protection of Privacy Act, RSO 1990, c F.31.
  • General, O Reg 367/11.
  • Housing Services Act, 2011, SO 2011, c 6, Sch 1 (HSA), General, O Reg 367/11.
  • Municipal Freedom of Information and Protection of Privacy Act, RSO 1990, cM56.
  • Personal Health Information Protection Act, 2004, SO 2004, c 3, Sch A.
  • Police Services Act, 1990, RSO 1990, c P15 at Sections 41(1.1)-(1.2).

PEI

  • Custody Jurisdiction and Enforcement Act, RSPEI 1988, c C-33.
  • Family Law Act, RSPEI 1988, c F-2.1.
  • Freedom of Information and Protection of Privacy Act, RSPEI 1988, c F-15.01.

Quebec

Saskatchewan

  • An Act respecting Certain Family Law Matters concerning Children and making consequential amendments to other Acts, 4th Sess, 28th Leg, 2019 (assented to 16 March 2020) (Saskatchewan).
  • The Children's Law Act, 1997, SS 1997, c C-8.2.
  • The Family Property Act, SS 1997, c F-6.3.
  • The Freedom of Information and Protection of Privacy Act, SS 1990-91, c F-22.01.
  • The Local Authority Freedom of Information and Protection of Privacy Act, SS 1990-91, c L-27.1.
  • The Queen's Bench (Family Law Division) Amendment Act, SS 1994, c 27.

Yukon

  • Access to Information and Protection of Privacy Act, RSY 2002, c 1.
  • Children's Law Act, RSY 2002, c 31.
  • Family Property and Support Act, RSY 2002, c 83.

Jurisprudence

  • Kapalka v. Kapalka [1994] NWTJ No 76.
  • R v. Lavallee.

Government websites and reports

Federal

British Columbia

New Brunswick

Nova Scotia

Secondary sources

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