7. Endnotes

[1]    "Article 3. The fundamental objectives of the Federative Republic of Brazil are:
I – to build a free, just and solidary society;
II – to guarantee national development;
III – to eradicate poverty and substandard living conditions and to reduce social and regional inequalities;
IV – to promote the well-being of all, without prejudice as to origin, race, sex, color, age and any other forms of discrimination." (Brazilian Federal Constitution)

[2]    Article 3, §1º of federal law No. 11.340/2006.

[3]    "Article 1. This Law creates mechanisms to restrain and prevent domestic and family violence against women, under the terms of § 8 of Article 226 of the Federal Constitution, the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Violence against Women, the Inter-American Convention to Prevent, Punish and Eradicate Violence against Women and other international treaties ratified by the Federative Republic of Brazil; provides for the creation of courts for domestic and family violence against women; and establishes assistance and protection measures for women in situations of domestic and family violence." (Federal law No. 11.340/2006).

[4]    The response to the standard of proof question will depend on what laws provide protections for domestic violence victims. In many jurisdictions, there are no standalone "domestic violence" statutes, but generally the criminal code or the civil code will make it an offense to commit domestic violence or abuse a woman. If the jurisdiction has both civil and criminal laws that provide such protections, please specify the standard of proof for each one, e.g., in the United States, preponderance of the evidence is the default for civil cases, but beyond a reasonable doubt is required for criminal cases.

[5]           In certain jurisdictions, employers are prohibited from firing or retaliating against victims of domestic violence, e.g., if the abuser is stalking the victim at work, the victim is missing workdays due to her situation, the abuser shows up at work, etc.