5. Prosecutorial considerations
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5.1 Police procedures

5.1.1 When do the police get involved in domestic disputes or legal actions?
The police have the authority to issue the first protection order.
5.1.2 What circumstances effect law firm involvement?
The victim does not need to be represented by a lawyer to request a protection order.
5.2 Standard of proof

5.2.1 Is proof required by any legal means?
N/A
5.2.2 Are there any requirements regarding evidence and documents?
To obtain a civil protection order, the victim must file a complaint with the police, with evidence that the abuser is preparing to commit an offense against the life or body of the victim (again or for the first time).
5.2.3 Is proof "beyond a reasonable doubt" required?
N/A
5.2.4 Is the standard of proof different for ex parte orders?
N/A
5.3 Affirmative defenses

5.3.1 Are affirmative defenses available to the accused?
Yes.
5.3.2 Is willful intent required?
Willful intent is required for certain offenses, but it is not required for others. The penalties for offenses that lack intent are generally lower than for those that require intent. For example, the penalty for unintentional assault and battery is less than that for intentional assault and battery.
5.3.3 Are false accusations punishable for the victim?
Yes. False accusations are punishable by (i) incarceration, the term of which depends on the gravity of the accusation, and (ii) a fine.
5.3.4 How is consent discussed in the law?
Consent is not defined in the Criminal Code. In the Civil Code, Article 1109 provides that "there is no valid consent if the consent has been given only by mistake or if it has been extorted by violence or surprised by fraud."
5.3.5 Is self-defense or insanity a defense?
Yes. Self-defense is a defense provided under Article 416 of the Criminal Code. Insanity is a defense provided under Article 71 of the Criminal Code.
5.4 Witness status

5.4.1 What is a witness's duty to testify honestly and completely?

Before testifying, the witness must take an oath to tell the truth. The judge asks the witness to raise their right hand and say "I swear."

5.4.2 Who may abstain from testifying in certain situations?

Family members are allowed to testify at the trial of their relatives. Children, parents, brothers, sisters, spouses, etc., are not disqualified from testifying in trials in which their relative is involved.

However, the spouse is only allowed to testify if they have no personal interest in the outcome of their spouse's litigation. A spouse would have such an interest if the spouses were married under the regime of legal community and one had an obvious financial interest in the outcome of the other's litigation.

The only exception is that descendants (i.e., children and grandchildren), as well as their spouses or cohabitants, can never testify in relation to grievances invoked by spouses in relation to a divorce application.
5.4.3 What potential "excuses" can a witness raise to refuse to testify in a domestic violence action?
Only spouses and direct relatives or allies — children, grandchildren, parents and grandparents — of one of the parties may refuse to testify.
5.4.4 What is the impact of domestic violence on witnesses who are children?
Children can testify, but they can also refuse to testify.
5.4.5 Can children be called upon to testify?

In principle, a minor can testify. It is up to the judge to assess, on a case-by-case basis, whether the minor has sufficient discernment to testify in court, taking into account the age of the child, their maturity, their degree of understanding, the circumstances of the case and the nature of the dispute.

Where appropriate, the judge may also hear the minor without swearing an oath. This procedure allows the judge to take statements from the child without being bound by them. In penal matters, children under 15 years old are always heard without being sworn in.
5.4.6 What is the effect of a child victim on the charges against the offender?

A person who commits assault and battery on their son/daughter who is 14 years old or older will be sentenced as follows: (i) to six months to five years of imprisonment; and (ii) to a fine of EUR 251 to EUR 5,000 (Article 409 of the Criminal Code).

A person who commits assault and battery on their son/daughter who is under 14 years old will be sentenced as follows: (i) to three to five years of imprisonment; and (ii) to a fine of EUR 251 to EUR 5,000 (Article 401-bis of the Criminal Code).

These penalties may be higher where there are aggravating circumstances, particularly if the assault and battery causes illness.
5.5 Penalties and sentencing; penalty enhancements

5.5.1 What are the penalties and sentencing laws for first-time domestic violence offenses?
The penalties are those described above under Article 409 of the Criminal Code.
5.5.2 Are there criminal penalties?
Yes, the penalties set out above that relate to domestic violence offenses are criminal penalties.
5.5.3 What is the result of a violation of an existing order for protection?

If the evicted person enters or attempts to enter the home or its outbuildings despite an eviction order, they will be subject to the penal sanctions provided for in Article 439 of the Criminal Code (imprisonment from six months to two years and a fine from EUR 251 to EUR 3,000).

If the entry or attempted entry is made with either threats or violence against any person, by means of breaking and entering, climbing or using false keys, or even by means of keys or other devices designed for opening doors, the maximum fine will be increased to EUR 5,000 and the maximum prison sentence will be increased to five years.
5.5.4 What fines and other penalties are imposed besides incarceration and liberty restriction?
None.
5.6 Post-release restrictions

5.6.1 Does the law notify the victim of the offender's release from custody?
N/A