[1] Penal Code of Turkmenistan (12 June 1997); Family and Marriage Code of Turkmenistan, (10 January 2012), No. 258-IV; the Constitution of Turkmenistan (26 September 2008).
[2] GOV.UK, Foreign & Commonwealth Office, "Corporate Report: Turkmenistan - Country of Concern" (2015).
[3] United Nations Human Rights: Office of the High Commissioner, Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women. "Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women reviews the report of Turkmenistan" ("CEDAW") (10 July 2018).
[4] supra note 1; see also OECD Development Centre, "Social Institutions & Gender Index - Country Turkmenistan" (2019).
[5] OECD Development Centre, "Social Institutions & Gender Index - Country Turkmenistan"(2019).
[6] supra note 3.
[7] United Nations Human Rights Committee, "Concluding observations on the second periodic report of Turkmenistan" (20 April 2017).
[8] United Nations Treaty Collection, Chapter IV, Human Rights, Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, New York (18 December 1979).
[9] United Nations Treaty Collection, Chapter XVIII, Penal Matters, a Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, New York (15 November 2000).
[10] supra note 5 at p. 4.
[11] supra note 5.
[12] supra note 5 at p. 5.
[13] The Norwegian Helsinki Committee, "Women: Turkmenistan's Second-Class Citizens" at p. 20.
[14] UN High Commissioner for Refugees, "Submission by the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees For the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights' Compilation Report: Turkmenistan" Universal Periodic Review: 3rd Cycle, 30th Session.
[15] Human Rights House Foundation, Oslo, "NHC: Women second-class citizens in Turkmenistan" (26 September 2012).
[16] supra note 1.
[17] US Department of State, "2018 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Turkmenistan" at s.6.
[18] supra note 15.
[19] Kurmanbekova, Aichurek, Human Rights Watch, "Women Risk Domestic Violence During Kyrgyzstan's Lockdown" (8 April 2020).
[20] Helsinki Federation for Human Rights, "Women 2000 — An investigation into the status of Women's Rights in Central and South-Eastern Europe and the Newly Independent States," in International Women's Rights Action Watch, Turkmenistan, "Prepared for the UN Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women 35th Session," (May 2006).
[21] United States Department of State, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labour, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2015, "Turkmenistan 2015 Human Rights Report" (2015).
[22] Ibid.
[23] Ibid.
[24] Transparency International, "Our Work In: Turkmenistan" (2019).
[25] supra note 21.
[26] supra note 21.
[27] Penal Code supra note 1.
[28] supra note 17.
[29] supra note 5.
[30] supra note 17.
[31] supra note 15.
[32] United Nations Human Rights: Office of the High Commissioner, Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women. "Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women reviews the report of Turkmenistan" (10 July 2018).
[33] Family Code supra note 1.
[34] supra note 5.
[35] supra note 5.