[1]    Penal Code of Turkmenistan (12 June 1997); Family and Marriage Code of Turkmenistan, (10 January 2012), No. 258-IV; the Constitution of Turkmenistan (26 September 2008).

[2]    GOV.UK, Foreign & Commonwealth Office, "Corporate Report: Turkmenistan - Country of Concern" (2015).

[3]    United Nations Human Rights: Office of the High Commissioner, Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women. "Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women reviews the report of Turkmenistan" ("CEDAW") (10 July 2018).

[4]    supra note 1; see also OECD Development Centre, "Social Institutions & Gender Index - Country Turkmenistan" (2019).

[5]    OECD Development Centre, "Social Institutions & Gender Index - Country Turkmenistan"(2019).

[6]    supra note 3.

[7]    United Nations Human Rights Committee, "Concluding observations on the second periodic report of Turkmenistan" (20 April 2017).

[8]    United Nations Treaty Collection, Chapter IV, Human Rights, Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, New York (18 December 1979).

[9]    United Nations Treaty Collection, Chapter XVIII, Penal Matters, a Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, New York (15 November 2000).

[10]    supra note 5 at p. 4.

[11]    supra note 5.

[12]    supra note 5 at p. 5.

[13]    The Norwegian Helsinki Committee, "Women: Turkmenistan's Second-Class Citizens" at p. 20.

[14]    UN High Commissioner for Refugees, "Submission by the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees For the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights' Compilation Report: Turkmenistan" Universal Periodic Review: 3rd Cycle, 30th Session.

[15]    Human Rights House Foundation, Oslo, "NHC: Women second-class citizens in Turkmenistan" (26 September 2012).

[16]    supra note 1.

[17]    US Department of State, "2018 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Turkmenistan" at s.6.

[18]    supra note 15.

[19]    Kurmanbekova, Aichurek, Human Rights Watch, "Women Risk Domestic Violence During Kyrgyzstan's Lockdown" (8 April 2020).

[20]    Helsinki Federation for Human Rights, "Women 2000 — An investigation into the status of Women's Rights in Central and South-Eastern Europe and the Newly Independent States," in International Women's Rights Action Watch, Turkmenistan, "Prepared for the UN Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women 35th Session," (May 2006).

[21]    United States Department of State, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labour, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2015, "Turkmenistan 2015 Human Rights Report" (2015).

[22]    Ibid.

[23]    Ibid.

[24]    Transparency International, "Our Work In: Turkmenistan" (2019).

[25]    supra note 21.

[26]    supra note 21.

[27]    Penal Code supra note 1.

[28]    supra note 17.

[29]    supra note 5.

[30]    supra note 17.

[31]    supra note 15.

[32]    United Nations Human Rights: Office of the High Commissioner, Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women. "Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women reviews the report of Turkmenistan" (10 July 2018).

[33]    Family Code supra note 1.

[34]    supra note 5.