Planning
Is the national or local/state government able to mandate green initiatives via the planning/zoning regime (e.g., district heating systems on large developments)?

Yes, zoning regulations can regulate green initiatives. These currently include a mandatory green building code that has been implemented and is required to be followed under Benayat, Bahrain's building permit portal. Current zoning regulations also consider various land classifications, which include garden and agricultural lands and "green-belt" zones, which are zones that are intended only for agricultural purposes and the protection of the surrounding environment. Planning requirements also include pedestrian spaces, efficient public transportation systems, conservation of natural resources, and the like.

There is currently no regulatory mandated use of district cooling or similar more sustainable utility solutions, but these are prevalent and growing in the market, and can be found in most new large developments. The green building code provides minimum requirements in relation to new district-cooling plans, but does not mandate the adoption of district cooling.