Beyond reasonable doubt is only requested to provide that an admission was voluntary. Measures are provided when the accused is absent from the proceedings to ensure a fair trial.

Negligence may be considered as a basis for criminal liability.^[21]

Criminal Code (515/2003) Section 6 — Intent

A perpetrator has intentionally committed a crime as described in the statutory definition.

Criminal Code (515/2003) Section 7 — Negligence

Self-defense in governed by Chapter 4, Section 4 of the Criminal Code, which states the following:

1. An act that is necessary to defend against an ongoing or imminent unlawful attack is lawful as self-defense, unless the act manifestly exceeds what in an overall assessment is to be deemed justifiable, taking into account the nature and strength of the attack, the identity of the defender and the attacker, and other circumstances.
2. However, if the defense exceeds the limits of self-defense (excessive self-defense), the perpetrator is exempt from criminal liability if the circumstances were such that the perpetrator could not reasonably have been expected to have acted otherwise, taking into account the dangerousness and sudden nature of the attack, and the situation generally.

The impact of mental illness on criminal liability is governed under Chapter 3, Sections 4 and 5 of the Criminal Code.

Section 4 — The age of criminal liability and criminal responsibility:

1. The prerequisites for criminal liability are that the perpetrator had reached 15 years old at the time of the act and that they were criminally responsible.
2. The perpetrator is not criminally responsible if at the time of the act, due to mental illness, severe mental deficiency, a serious mental disturbance or a serious disturbance of consciousness, they were not able to understand the factual nature or unlawfulness of their act, or their ability to control their behavior was decisively weakened due to such a reason (criminal irresponsibility).
3. If the perpetrator is not criminally irresponsible pursuant to subsection 2 but, due to mental illness, mental deficiency, mental disturbance or disturbance of consciousness, their ability to understand the factual nature or unlawfulness of their act or their ability to control their behavior was significantly weakened (diminished responsibility), the provisions in Chapter 6, Section 8(3) and 8(4) are to be taken into account when determining the sentence.
4. Intoxication or another temporary mental disturbance induced by the perpetrator themselves is not taken into account when assessing criminal responsibility unless there are particularly weighty reasons for this.
5. If due to the mental condition of the person accused of an offense the court waives punishment, unless this is obviously unnecessary, the court will submit for clarification the question of their need for treatment, as provided in Section 21 of the Mental Health Act (1116/1990).

Section 5 — Imputability:

1. Intent or negligence is a prerequisite for criminal liability.
2. Unless otherwise provided, an act referred to in the Criminal Code is only punishable as an intentional act.
3. What is provided in subsection 2 applies to an act referred to elsewhere in law for which the statutory maximum sentence is imprisonment for more than six months or on which the penal provision has been issued after this law entered into force.

According to Section 20 of the Code of Judicial Procedure (571/1948), a person may not refuse to testify. However, the following need not testify against their will:

1. a person who is or has been married, or who is engaged to one of the parties
2. a person who is a direct ascendant or descendant of a party, or who is or has been married to a person related to a party in said manner
3. the siblings or the spouses of the siblings of a party, or the adoptive parents or adopted children of a party

The following is according to Section 21 of the Code of Judicial Procedure (360/2003):^[23]

1. A person who has not reached 15 years old or who is mentally disabled may be heard as a witness, or for probative purposes if the court deems this appropriate and if (i) hearing them personally is of central significance to clarifying the matter and (ii) hearing the person would probably not cause the person suffering or other harm that can injure them or their development.
2. As necessary, the court will appoint a support person for the person to be heard and the provisions in Chapter 2 of the Criminal Procedure Act (689/1997) on a support person to be appointed for a party apply to this person.
3. The person to be heard will be questioned by the court unless the court deems there to be a particular reason to allow the parties to question the person as provided in Section 33 of the Code of Judicial Procedure. The parties will be reserved an opportunity to submit, through the court, questions to the person to be heard or, if the court deems this suitable, directly to the person to be heard. If necessary, the hearing may take place elsewhere than in the courtroom.

It does not seem to be an "excuse" for a witness to refuse to testify. However, the following is according to Section 18 of the Witnesses Act (690/1997):^[24]

1. Anyone other than a party to the case may be heard as a witness. In a criminal case, the injured party may not be heard as a witness even if they do not exercise their right to be heard as a party; in a civil case, a person may not be heard as a witness if the eventual judgment will be to their benefit or detriment as if they were a party.
2. In a criminal case, the following may not be heard as witnesses:
   1. a person who has been accused of the same act or of an act immediately connected to the act to which the charge pertain;
   2. a person who has been given a summary fine or a summary penal fee for the act referred to in paragraph 1
   3. a person whose act has not been submitted for prosecution in accordance with Chapter 3, Section 9 of the Criminal Investigation Act (805/2011) or whose prosecution has been waived in accordance with Chapter 1, Sections 7 or 8 of the Criminal Procedure Act, or a similar provision elsewhere in law
3. If a person referred to in subsection 1 or subsection 2 but not a party to the case is to be heard in court, the provisions on the summoning, the absence and hearing of a party apply, insofar as appropriate, to that person. The provisions on the right of a witness to receive compensation for appearing in court apply, insofar as appropriate, to that person.

The Criminal Code^[25] sets out general aggravating and mitigating factors in sentencing, specifically Chapter 6, Sections 5-8.^[26]

Violating a restraining order is punishable under Chapter 16, Section 9(a) of the Criminal Code (39/1889). Violating a restraining order can be punished with a fine or with up to one year of imprisonment.